Dr. techn. Karl Hollaus

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Address

Institute for Analysis and Scientific Computing
Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8-10
A-1040 Vienna, Austria

phone: +43 1 58801 10116 email: karl.hollaus@tuwien.ac.at

Projects

Workshop

Research Interests

Computational Electromagnetics, Finite Element Method, Multiscale Method and Homogenization, Domain Decomposition, Software Development (Netgen/NGSolve)

Diploma Thesis

Identifikation optimaler Geometrieparameter einer SMES - Spulenanordnung mit deterministischen und stochastischen Optimierungsverfahren, TU Graz and Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica, Università degli Studi di Genova, 1997.

PhD Thesis

Numerical Simulation of Eddy Currents and the Associated Losses in Laminated Ferromagnetic Materials by the Method of Finite Elements, TU Graz, 2001. pdf

Teaching

"Partielle Differentialgleichungen und Methode der finiten Elemente"

Talks

  • Multiscale Finite Element Method for the Eddy Current Problem in Laminated Iron Cores, SIEMA 2021, Kharkiv, Ukraine, Oct. 21 - 22, 2021 (plenary talk).
  • Multiscale Finite Element Method, Harmonic Balance Method and Model Order Reduction for Nonlinear Eddy Currents in Laminations, CEFC 2020, Pisa, Italy, Nov. 16 - 18, 2020.
  • Air Gap and Edge Effect in the 2D/1D Method with the Magnetic Vector Potential A Using MSFEM, CEFC 2018, Hangzhou, China, Oct. 28 - 31, 2018. pdf
  • The Multiscale Finite Element Method in three dimensions to simulate the Eddy Current Problem in Laminated Iron Cores, 18th International IGTE Symposium 2018, Graz, Austria, Sept. 16 - 19, 2018. pdf (invited talk)
  • MOR for the MSFEM of the Eddy Current Problem in Linear Laminated Media, Mathmod 2018, Vienna, Austria, Feb. 16 - 18, 2018.
  • Homogenization of Laminated Cores and the Role of Surface Charges, ICEAA2017, Verona, Italy, Sept. 11 - 15, 2017.
  • Multiscale Finite Element Method and Geometric Perturbation of Laminated Cores, ICEAA2017, Verona, Italy, Sept. 11 - 15, 2017.
  • Multiscale and Harmonic Balance FEM for the Eddy Current Problem in Laminated Iron Cores, CEFC 2016, Miami, USA, Nov. 13 - 16, 2016. pdf
  • Various Two Dimensional Multiscale Finite Element Formulations for the Eddy Current Problem in Iron Laminates, EMF 2016, Lyon, France, April 12 - 14, 2016. pdf (highlighted talk)
  • Multi-Scale Finite Element Method to Simulate Eddy Currents in Laminated Iron, SCEE 2014, Wuppertal, Germany, July 22 - 25, 2014. pdf
  • Two-Scale Homogenization of the Nonlinear Eddy Current Problem with FEM, Compumag 2013, Budapest, June 30 - July 4, 2013. pdf
  • FEM: Domain Decomposition and Homogenization for Maxwell's Equations of Large Scale Problems, TCSE Vienna Workshop 2012, Vienna, February 13, 2012. pdf
  • Homogenization of the Eddy Current Problem in 2D, 14th International IGTE Symposium 2010, Graz, Austria, Sept. 19 - 22, 2010. pdf
  • Novel Variation Formulation for Domain Decomposition to solve Maxwell's Equations, DSPDES 2010, Barcelona, Spain, June 3, 2010. pdf

Recent Works

  • An Equilibrated Error Estimator for the MSFEM for the Eddy Current Problem in 2D Using the A-Formulation, Digest for Compumag 2021, Cancun, Mexico, Jan. 16-20, 2022 (submitted, June 2021).
  • Magnetic Microwire Materials Route Magnetic Flux in Screens and Cores of Electrical Machines, Digest for Compumag 2021, Cancun, Mexico, Jan. 16-20, 2022 (submitted, June 2021).
  • Multiscale Finite Element Method for Ventilation Panels, Digest for Compumag 2021, Cancun, Mexico, Jan. 16-20, 2022 (submitted, June 2021).
  • Variational Coupling of the Finite Element Method with a Lumped Circuit Using Side Constraints, Digest for Compumag 2021, Cancun, Mexico, Jan. 16-20, 2022 (submitted, June 2021).
  • Efficient Computation of Eddy Current Losses in Laminated Cores with Air Gaps by the Multiscale FEM, Digest for Compumag 2021, Cancun, Mexico, Jan. 16-20, 2022 (submitted, June 2021).

Book Chapters

  1. K. Hollaus, M. Schöbinger, "Multiscale Finite Element Method for Laminated Domains in Electrical Engineering", Compendium on Electromagnetic Analysis, From Electrostatics to Photonics: Fundamentals and Applications for Physicists and Engineers, Volume 2: The New Generation of Electric Machines, Aug. 2020. online
  2. Björk et al., "System-Level Design," in G.Q. Zhang, A.J. van Roosmalen "More than Moore - Creating High Value Micro/Nanoelectronics Systems," Springer, pp. 305-330, 2009. online

Technical Article

  1. H. Davtjan, M. Kaltenbacher, J. Schöberl, M. Schöbinger, K. Hollaus, "Multiscale finite element methods for eddy current problems in laminated iron MSFEM4ECP", Technical article, Newsletter, International Compumag Society, Volume 23 No. 2., pp. 3 - 13, July, 2016.

Journal Publications

  1. M. Leumüller, K. Hollaus, J. Schöberl, "Domain Decomposition and Upscaling Technique for Metascreens" COMPEL, 2021, submitted.
  2. V. Hanser, M. Schöbinger, K. Hollaus, "A Mixed Multiscale FEM for the Eddy Current Problem with T, Phi - Phi and Vector Hysteresis" COMPEL, 2021, submitted.
  3. K. Hollaus, S. Bauer, M. Leumüller, Chr. Türk, "Measurement and Modeling of Effective Cable Parameters of Unshielded Conductors" COMPEL, 2021, submitted.
  4. M. Schöbinger, K. Hollaus, "An Equilibrated Error Estimator for the Multiscale FEM of a Linear Eddy Current Problem", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 57, no. 6, 4 pages, 2021. online
  5. M. Schöbinger, K. Hollaus, "A Hierarchical Error Estimator for the MSFEM for the Eddy Current Problem in 3D", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 57, no. 5, 4 pages, 2021. online
  6. M. Leumüller, B. Auinger, J. Schöberl, K. Hollaus, "Enhanced Technique for Metascreens Using the Generalized Finite Element Method", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 57, no. 6, 4 pages, 2021. online
  7. M. Schöbinger, I. Tsukerman, K. Hollaus, "Effective Medium Transformation: the Case of Eddy Currents in Laminated Iron Cores", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, submitted, 2020.
  8. K. Hollaus, M. Schöbinger, "A Mixed Multiscale FEM for the Eddy-Current Problem With T, Phi - Phi in Laminated Conducting Media", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 56, no. 4, 4 pages, 2020. online
  9. K. Hollaus, J. Schöberl, M. Schöbinger, "MSFEM and MOR to Minimize the Computational Costs of Nonlinear Eddy-Current Problems in Laminated Iron Cores", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 56, no. 2, 4 pages, 2020. online
  10. M. Leumüller, B. Auinger, H. Hackl, J. Schöberl and K. Hollaus, "Imperfect EM Shielding by Thin Conducting Sheets with PEC and SIBC", COMPUMAG, 4 pages, Oct. 2019. online
  11. M. Schöbinger, K. Hollaus, I. Tsukerman, "Nonasymptotic Homogenization of Laminated Magnetic Cores", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 56, no. 2, 4 pages, 2020. online
  12. K. Hollaus, M. Schöbinger, "Air Gap and Edge Effect in the 2D/1D-Method with the Magnetic Vector Potential A using MSFEM", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 56, no. 1, 5 pages, 2020. online
  13. K. Hollaus, "A MSFEM to simulate the eddy current problem in laminated iron cores in 3D" COMPEL, vol. 38 no. 5, pp. 1667-1682, 2019. online
  14. M. Schöbinger, S. Steentjes, K. Hameyer, J. Schöberl, K. Hollaus, "MSFEM for the Eddy Current Problem in a Laminated Core Including Hysteresis", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 8, 9 pages, 2019. online
  15. M. Schöbinger, J. Schöberl, K. Hollaus, "Multiscale FEM for the Linear 2D/1D-Problem of Eddy Currents in Thin Iron Sheets", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 55, no. 1, 12 pages, 2019. online
  16. K. Hollaus, J. Schöberl, "Some Two-Dimensional Multiscale Finite Element Formulations for the Eddy Current Problem in Iron Laminates", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 4, 7401716, 16 pages, 2018. online
  17. K. Hollaus, M. Schöbinger, "Multiscale finite element method for perturbation of laminated structures", In ICEAA 2017, pp. 1262-1263. online
  18. M. Schöbinger, K. Hollaus, I. Tsukerman, "Homogenization of laminated magnetic cores and the role of surface charges", In ICEAA 2017, pp. 971-972. online
  19. Markus Schöbinger, J. Schöberl, K. Hollaus, "An Error Estimator for Multiscale FEM for the Eddy-Current Problem in Laminated Materials", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 54, no. 3, 7203204, 4 pages, 2018. online
  20. Markus Schöbinger, J. Schöberl, K. Hollaus, "An Efficient Reformulation of a Multiscale Method for the Eddy Current Problem," COMPEL, vol. 36, pp. 1421-1429, 2017.
  21. K. Hollaus, "Multiscale and Harmonic Balance FEM for the Eddy Current Problem in Laminated Iron Cores". In Proc. 17th IEEE CEFC 2016, 13-16 Nov. 2016, Miami, USA.
  22. K. Hollaus, J. Schöberl, "Multi-scale FEM and magnetic vector potential A for 3D eddy currents in laminated media," COMPEL, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 1598-1608, 2015. online
  23. K. Hollaus, J. Schöberl, "A Higher Order Multi-Scale FEM with A for 2D Eddy Current Problems in Laminated Iron", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 51, no. 3, 7402804, 4 pages, March, 2015. online
  24. K. Hollaus, A. Hannukainen, J. Schöberl, "Two-Scale Homogenization of the Nonlinear Eddy Current Problem with FEM," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 50, no. 2, pp. 413-416, Feb., 2014. online
  25. K. Hollaus, M. Huber, J. Schöberl, P. Hamberger, "A Linear FEM Benchmark for the Homogenization of the Eddy Currents in Laminated Media in 3D," International Federation of Automatic Control IFAC, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1190-1194, 2012. preprint
  26. K. Hollaus, J. Schöberl, "Homogenization of the Eddy Current Problem in 2D," Proceedings of the 14th International IGTE Symposium on Numerical Field Calculation in Electrical Engineering, pp. 154-159, Graz, Austria, September 19-22, 2010. preprint
  27. K. Hollaus, D. Feldengut, J. Schöberl, M. Wabro, D. Omeragic, "Nitsche-type Mortaring for Maxwell's Equations," Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, 397 - 402, July 5-8, Cambridge, USA 2010. preprint
  28. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, P. Caldera, G. Matzenauer, G. Paoli, K. Preis, C. Stockreiter, "Extraction of Circuit Parameters from PCB by FDTD and SIBC," COMPEL, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 1091-1101, 2009. online
  29. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, P. Caldera, G. Matzenauer, G. Paoli, and G. Plieschenegger, "Simulation of Crosstalk on Printed Circuit Boards by FDTD, FEM, and a Circuit Model," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 44, pp. 1486-1489, April 2008. online
  30. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, K. Preis and C. Stockreiter, "Edge finite elements coupled with a circuit for wave problems," Internat. Conf. on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications, ICEAA 2007, IEEE Xplore, pp. 956-959, Torino, Italy, 17th –21st Sept. 2007. online
  31. B. Weiß, O. Bíró, P. Caldera, K. Hollaus, G. Paoli, K. Preis, "A Multigrid Algorithm for the Transfinite-Element Time-Domain Method using the A, V -Formulation", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, pp. 1353-1356, April 2007. online
  32. C. Stockreiter, G. Matzenauer, O. Biro, P. Caldera, G. Paoli, K. Hollaus, K. Preis, B. Weiss, "Transfinite Element Method Using the A, v-Potential Formulation With Edge Elements in the Frequency Domain," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, pp. 1349-1352, April 2007. online
  33. W. Renhart, K. Hollaus, C. Magele and G. Matzenauer, "Radiation of USB-WLAN Antenna Influenced by Human Tissue and by Notebook Enclosure," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 43, pp. 1345-1348, April 2007. online
  34. B. Weiß, O. Bíró, P. Caldera, K. Hollaus, G. Paoli, K. Preis, C. Stockreiter, "On the convergence of the transfinite-element method," COMPEL, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 600-611, 2007. online
  35. G. Matzenauer, O. Bíró, K. Hollaus, K. Preis, W. Renhart, "Perfectly Matched Layers for T, Phi Formulation," COMPEL, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 612-625, 2007. online
  36. H. Scharfetter, K. Hollaus, J. Rosell-Ferrer, R. Merwa, "Single-step 3-D image reconstruction in magnetic induction tomography: Theoretical limits of spatial resolution and contrast to noise ratio," Annals of Biomedical Engineering, pp. 1-13, 2006. online
  37. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, P. Caldera, G. Matzenauer, G. Paoli, K. Preis, W. Renhart, C. Stockreiter and B. Weiß, "Simulation of Microstrips on Printed Circuit Boards," Tagungsband des 51. Internationalen Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium der TU Ilmenau, ISBN 3-938843-16-0, 5 pages, Ilmenau, Germany, 11-15, September 2006. preprint
  38. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, K. Preis, C. Stockreiter and B. Weiß, "S-Parameter Extraction from Structures on Printed Circuit Boards by FDTD and Surface Impedance Boundary Condition," Proceedings of The Twelfth IEEE Conference on Electromagnetic Field Computation, ISBN 1-4244-0319-7, p. 378, Miami, USA, April 30th-May 3rd, 2006. online
  39. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, G. Matzenauer, K. Preis, C. Stockreiter, B. Weiß, P. Caldera and G. Paoli, "Comparison of FETD and FDTD to Simulate Micro-strip Structures on PCBs," Proceedings of The Sixth International Conference on Computation in Electromagnetics CEM 2006, ISBN 3-8007-2957-1, p. 209-210, Aachen, Germany, April 4-6, 2006. preprint
  40. B. Weiß, O. Bíró, K. Hollaus, K. Preis, P. Caldera, G. Paoli, "A Multigrid Solver for Time Harmonic Three-Dimensional Electromagnetic Wave Problems," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 42, pp. 639-642, April 2006. online
  41. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, P. Caldera, G. Matzenauer, G. Paoli, K. Preis, C. Stockreiter, and B. Weiss, "Electromagnetic Field Computation of Simple Structures on Printed Circuit Boards by the Finite-Element Method," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 42, pp. 815-818, April 2006. online
  42. B. Wagner, K. Hollaus, Ch. Magele, "Reconstruction of the anisotropic complex conductivity distribution of a human thigh in three dimensions," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 42, pp. 1171-1174, April 2006. online
  43. P. Brunner, R. Merwa, A. Missner, J. Rosell, K. Hollaus, H. Scharfetter, "Reconstruction of the shape of conductivity spectra using differential multi-frequency magnetic induction tomography", Physiol. Meas., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 237-248, May 2006. online
  44. R. Merwa, P. Brunner, A. Missner, K. Hollaus, H. Scharfetter, "Solution of the inverse problem of magnetic induction tomography (MIT) with multiple objects: analysis of detectability and statistical properties with respect to the reconstructed conducting region", Physiol. Meas., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 249-259, May 2006. online
  45. K. Hollaus, B. Wagner, O. Bíró, "Simulation of the quasi-static electric field by an electric current vector potential approximated by edge elements", COMPEL, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 581-590, 2005. online
  46. B. Wagner, K. Hollaus, Ch. Magele, "Reconstruction of the anisotropic complex conductivity distribution in 3D", COMPEL, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 558-564, 2005. online
  47. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, P. Caldera, G. Matzenauer, G. Paoli, K. Preis, B. Weiss, "Simulation of Simple Topologies on a PCB by a Frequency and a Time Domain Method," Proceedings of Joint 9th ICEAA `05 and 11th EESC `05, Torino, Italy, 12th Sept. – 16th Sept. 2005, ISBN 88-8202-094-0, pp. 893-896.preprint
  48. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, "Comparison of Tetrahedral Edge Finite-Elements Using Different Potential Formulations,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, pp. 1676-1679, May 2005. online
  49. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, C. Gerstenberger, K. Preis, R. Stollberger, B. Wagner, "Effect of Stray Capacitances on Bio-Impedances in Quasi-Static Electric Field,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 41, pp. 1940-1943, May 2005. online
  50. R. Merwa, K. Hollaus, P. Brunner, H. Scharfetter, "Solution of the inverse problem of magnetic induction tomography (MIT)", Physiol. Meas., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 241-250, April 2005. online
  51. K. Hollaus, C. Gerstenberger, C. Magele, H. Hutten, "Accurate Reconstruction Algorithm of the Complex Conductivity Distribution in Three Dimensions," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 40, pp. 1144-1147, March 2004. online
  52. K. Hollaus, C. Magele, R. Merwa, H. Scharfetter, "Numerical Simulation of the Eddy Current Problem in Magnetic Induction Tomography for Biomedical Applications by Edge Elements,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 40, pp. 623-626, March 2004. online
  53. K. Hollaus, C. Magele, R. Merwa, H. Scharfetter, "Fast calculation of the sensitivity matrix in magnetic induction tomography by tetrahedral edge finite elements and the reciprocity theorem", Physiol. Meas., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 159-168, February 2004. online
  54. K. Hollaus, B. Weiß, Ch. Magele, H. Hutten, "Geometric multigrid to accelerate the solution of the quasi-static electric field problem by tetrahedral finite elements", Physiol. Meas., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 169-179, February 2004. online
  55. R. Casañas, H. Scharfetter, A. Altes, A. Remacha, P. Sarda, J. Sierra, R. Merwa, K. Hollaus, J. Rosell, "Measurement of liver iron overload by magnetic induction using a planar gradiometer: preliminary human results", Physiol. Meas., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 315-323, February 2004. online
  56. H. Scharfetter, S. Rauchenzauner, R. Merwa, O. Bíró, K. Hollaus, "Planar gradiometer for magnetic induction tomography (MIT): theoretical and experimental sensitivity maps for a low-contrast phantom", Physiol. Meas., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 325-333, February 2004. online
  57. R. Merwa, K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, H. Scharfetter, "Detection of brain oedema using magnetic induction tomography: A feasibility study of the likely sensitivity and detectability", Physiol. Meas., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 347-354, February 2004. online
  58. R. Casañas, H. Scharfetter, A. Altes, A. Remacha, P. Sarda, J. Sierra, R. Merwa, K. Hollaus, J. Rosell, "In-vitro and in-vivo measurement of iron concentration in human hepatic tissue by magnetic induction methods," Proc. 25th Annual Int. Conf. IEEE, Eng. in Med. and Biol. Society, vol. 4, pp. 3064-3067, Sept. 2003. online
  59. K. Hollaus, R. Stollberger, B. Wagner, C. Gerstenberger, Ch. Magele, H. Hutten, "Simulations of the bio-impedance of the human thigh by the finite element method in 3D", Tagungsband des 48. Internationalen Wissenschaftliches Kolloquium der TU Ilmenau, ISSN 1619-4098, pp. 425-426, Ilmenau, Germany, 22-25, September 2003. preprint
  60. R. Merwa, K. Hollaus, B. Brandstätter, H. Scharfetter, "Numerical solution of the general 3D eddy current problem for magnetic induction tomography (spectroscopy)", Physiol. Meas., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 545-554, May 2003. online
  61. B. Brandstätter, K. Hollaus, Ch. Magele, M. Michael, R. Merwa, H. Scharfetter, H. Hutten, "Direct estimation of Cole parameters in multifrequency EIT using a regularized Gauss-Newton method", Physiol. Meas., vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 437-448, May 2003. online
  62. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, B. Brandstätter, S. P. Cermak, H. Zangl, G. Brasseur, "Design and Optimization of a Multi-Induction-Loop Access Control System", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC Europe 2002, vol. 2, pp. 883-888, Sorrent, Italy, September 9-13, 2002. preprint
  63. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, "Derivation of a Complex Permeability from the Preisach Model," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 38, pp. 905-908, March 2002. online
  64. D. Rodger, P. C. Coles, O. Bíró, K. Hollaus, J. Pávó, "An Aluminium Plate Benchmark for ECT", in Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation (V), eds. J. Pávó et al, IOS Press, Amsterdam, vol. 21, pp. 46-48, 2001. online
  65. O. Bíró, K. Hollaus, J. Pávó and K. Preis, "Numerical computation of the magnetic field due to a crack in a conducting plate", in Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation (V), eds. J. Pávó et al, IOS Press, Amsterdam, vol. 21, pp. 11-15, 2001. online
  66. J. Pávó, O. Bíró, K. Hollaus, "Calculation of the field map from the measurement data of the fluxset sensor", COMPEL, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 404-416, 2001. online
  67. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, "A FEM of the Eddy Current Losses in Thin Ferromagnetic Sheets", Proceedings of the 9th International IGTE Symposium on Numerical Field Calculation in Electrical Engineering, pp. 152-157, Graz, Austria, September 11-13, 2000. preprint
  68. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, "A FEM Formulation to Treat 3D Eddy Currents in Laminations," IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol. 36, pp. 1289-1292, July 2000. online
  69. D. Rodger, P. C. Coles, O. Bíró, K. Hollaus, J. Pávó, "An Aluminium Plate Benchmark for ECT", in Short Papers of The Sixth International Workshop on Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation, ISBN 9-634206-42-5, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 39-40, 28th-30th July, 2000.
  70. O. Bíró, K. Hollaus, J. Pávó and K. Preis, "Numerical computation of the magnetic field due to a crack in a conducting plate", in Short Papers of The Sixth International Workshop on Electromagnetic Nondestructive Evaluation, ISBN 9-634206-42-5, Budapest, Hungary, pp. 7-8, 28th-30th July, 2000.
  71. K. Hollaus, O. Bíró, "Estimation of 3-D eddy currents in conducting laminations by an anisotropic conductivity and a 1-D analytical solution", COMPEL, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 494-503, 1999. online